The relationship between HPV and cervical cancer

HPV infection is the main causative factor of cervical cancer. Persistent high-risk HPV infection can lead to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and eventually develop into cervical cancer.

1. Persistent infection with high-risk HPV

High-risk HPV types such as types 16 and 18 are associated with more than 70% of cervical cancers. Viral E6 and E7 proteins inhibit the functions of tumor suppressor genes p53 and Rb, leading to abnormal proliferation of cervical epithelial cells. The infection status can be screened clinically through HPV-DNA testing, and those who are persistently positive need regular colposcopy and cervical biopsy. Interferon suppositories, Baofukang suppositories and other drugs are commonly used for antiviral treatment.

2. Progress of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

About 60% of CIN grade 1 lesions can resolve spontaneously, but the probability of CIN grade 2/3 progression to invasive cancer is significantly increased. The lesions manifested as abnormal colposcopy signs such as cervical acetate white epithelium and punctate blood vessels. The diagnosis depends on pathological examination, and cryotherapy, LEEP knife conization or total hysterectomy is used according to the grade. HPV and TCT need to be reviewed every 3-6 months after surgery.

3. Abnormal immune system function

People infected with HIV and those who use immunosuppressants after organ transplantation are more likely to develop persistent HPV infection. The risk of cervical cancer for such patients is 5-10 times higher than that of ordinary people. It is recommended to undergo cervical cancer screening every 6 months. Intervention can be carried out through injection of HPV vaccine, oral thymosin enteric-coated tablets and other immunomodulators.

4. Multiple sexual behavior factors

Early sexual intercourse for the first time and multiple sexual partners will significantly increase the risk of HPV exposure. Condoms can reduce the probability of infection by 60%, but they cannot completely block the spread of the virus. It is clinically recommended that women over 21 years old or sexually active should undergo TCT examination every year, and women over 30 years old should undergo combined HPV testing.

5. Synergistic carcinogenic factors

Long-term smoking will reduce the local immunity of the cervix and make HPV infection more likely to persist. Oral contraceptive use for more than 5 years may promote viral DNA integration. Chlamydia trachomatis infection will accelerate the progression of CIN and requires simultaneous antibiotic treatment such as azithromycin dispersible tablets, doxycycline tablets, etc.

HPV vaccination can prevent 70-90% of cervical cancer, and is recommended for women aged 9-45. Staying with a single sex partner and quitting smoking can help reduce your risk. Women over 30 years old should undergo regular combined TCT and HPV screening, and seek medical attention promptly if symptoms such as abnormal vaginal bleeding and discharge are found. Pay attention to the cleanliness of the perineum, avoid using irritating lotions, and high-temperature disinfection of underwear.