What are the contents of prevention and management of common childhood diseases?

The essence of prevention and management of common children's diseases is the logic of health intervention covering the entire growth cycle of children. The core focus is on reducing the probability of disease when the disease is not present, controlling the progression of the disease when the disease occurs, and reducing the risk of recurrence after recovery. It is not a pile of scattered precautions and needs to be flexibly adjusted based on the child's age, physique, and environment.

I have been working in the community child care department for almost 6 years. Last week, I met a pair of new parents born in 1995. They came to the doctor with their 1-year-old baby in their arms. They said that they had caught two colds in the past half month. Is there something wrong with their immunity and they needed to take some protein powder? After careful questioning, I found out that they were afraid that the baby would freeze, and the heating at home was turned on enough. The baby would wear a small cotton-padded jacket at home every day, and would rarely even go downstairs for a walk. After 6 months of age, maternally transmitted antibodies gradually fade away, and it is necessary to gradually expose the baby to external microorganisms to strengthen immunity. Instead, he would be trapped in a clean environment with a constant temperature every day, but he would easily get sick if he comes into contact with cold air or other children. Oh, by the way, people often ask here whether to get the second-class vaccines. Some parents think that "free ones are necessary, and paid ones make the difference." In fact, the current academic consensus is that the second-class vaccines have not been included in the national immunization plan for the time being. Influenza vaccines, 13-valent pneumonia vaccines, rotavirus vaccines, etc. are all very cost-effective prevention methods for seasonal diseases that are highly prevalent. As long as economic conditions permit, they can be vaccinated, and there is no need to worry about being "unsafe."

Doing proper maintenance at ordinary times can prevent you from getting many diseases, but if you do catch a disease during the peak period of the disease, don't just give medicine randomly or force yourself to do it. The core of management during the disease period is to identify the symptoms first and then take action, and don't follow common misunderstandings. Last month we treated a 2-year-old boy with rotavirus infection and diarrhea. The parents didn't take it seriously at first. They fed him Cephalosporin at home for two days, but he was almost dehydrated before he was sent to the hospital. In fact, antibiotics for viral diarrhea are not symptomatic at all. Instead, they will destroy the normal intestinal flora and prolong the course of the disease. There are also many parents who are confused about "should they go to the hospital as soon as their baby has a fever?" There is really no unified answer to this question: if the baby is under 3 months old, it is recommended to send the baby to the hospital immediately to investigate the cause as soon as he has a fever. After all, the condition of a baby of one month old changes quickly. ； However, if the baby is over 3 months old, is in good spirits, can eat and play, even if the fever reaches 38.5℃, he or she can take antipyretics and observe them at home first. There is no need to rush to the hospital for cross-infection. However, if convulsions, shortness of breath, rash, or listlessness occur, they must be sent to the hospital immediately. Don't waste time by forcing the baby.

Many parents think that their child is cured if their fever and diarrhea are gone. In fact, post-healing management is a link that many people tend to overlook. If done well, the probability of recurrence can be greatly reduced. During the current wave of mycoplasma pneumonia epidemic, several parents waited for their babies to turn negative for two or three weeks and then asked why they still coughed occasionally. Did they need to take more antibiotics because they were not feeling better? In fact, this is a normal repair process after the respiratory mucosa is damaged. At this time, giving cough medicine and antibiotics will be useless. Just drink more warm boiled water, don't eat too sweet or salty food to irritate the throat, and stay in crowded closed places less. Generally, it will heal on its own within a week or two. Children with allergies should pay more attention. For example, after eczema and asthma are under control, regular follow-up visits should be made to adjust the allergen avoidance plan. Don't wait until an attack occurs before you think about intervening. If there is no attack, just ignore it at all. It is easy to relapse.

In fact, after being a child care provider for so long, I feel that there really is no universal standard list for this matter. Each child’s body is different. Pay more attention to the child’s condition, and if you are unsure, ask a pediatrician or child care doctor who you often deal with. This is much more reliable than blindly browsing fragmented science on the Internet.